Indeed, accumulating evidence demonstrates that nitric oxide is not only transported by erythrocytes, but is locally produced by mechanically-sensitive enzymes, which appears to have intracellular and potentially extracellular effects. This review expands into concepts that are highly topical the relation between mechanical stress and intracellular homeostasis is examined through a contemporary cell-signaling lens. Special attention is given to disorders such as sickle cell disease, emphasizing the clinical impact of severely abnormal blood rheology. Subsequently, the manner in which the physical properties of blood influence hemodynamics in health and disease is discussed. Specifically, the impact of hematocrit, the mechanical properties and tendency of red blood cells to aggregate, and various plasma factors on blood viscosity will be examined. It reviews the properties that dictate bulk and microcirculatory flow by systematically dissecting the biomechanics that determine the non-Newtonian behavior of blood. Bridging this gap, the current manuscript provides an introduction to hemorheology. Often overlooked in current medical practice, perhaps due to the promises offered in the molecular and genetic era, the physical properties of blood which remain a valuable and definitive indicator of circulatory health and disease. Abnormalities affecting the physical properties of blood have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders, although the exact mechanistic links between hemorheology and clinical disease manifestations remain poorly understood. It has been long known that blood health heavily influences optimal physiological function. 6Biorheology Research Laboratory, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.5Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.4First Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.3Laboratory LIBM EA7424, Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell Team, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.2Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.1Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.Tamas Alexy 1*, Jon Detterich 2, Philippe Connes 3, Kalman Toth 4, Elie Nader 3, Peter Kenyeres 4, Jose Arriola-Montenegro 1, Pinar Ulker 5 and Michael J.
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